藏品名称：黑釉铭文高足杯

The name of the collection: Glyph of black glaze

类别：杂项 Category:miscellaneous

数量：1件 Quantity:1 pieces

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黑釉铭文高足杯，大杯，深腹，内壁满施黑釉，釉质细腻纯净，胎体轻薄，釉面温润如玉。口沿向外，外壁满施黑釉，并于釉面上散布甲骨文，画工精湛。非常稀少，富于动感。在大面积神秘黑色的衬托下，使得甲骨文的考古价值、神秘莫测，静然无语地传述着“色与空”、“动与静”的禅家之道。

译文：Black glaze inions high cup, large cup, deep abdomen, the inner wall is covered with black glaze, fine and pure enamel, light matrix, glaze moist as jade. The outer edge of the mouth is full of black glaze, and the oracle bones are scattered on the glaze. It's very rare and dynamic. Against the background of a large area of mysterious black, the archaeological value and mystery of oracle bone inions are unpredictable, and the Zen doctrine of "color and emptiness" and "movement and silence" is quietly and silently conveyed.

甲骨文因镌刻、书写于龟甲与兽骨上而得名，为殷商流传之书迹；内容为记载盘庚迁殷 至纣王 间二百七十年之卜辞，为最早之书迹。殷商有三大特色，即信史、饮酒及敬鬼神；也因为如此，这些决定渔捞、征伐、农业诸多事情的龟甲，才能在后世重见天日，成为研究中国文字重要的资料。商代已有精良笔墨，书体因经契刻，风格瘦劲锋利，具有刀锋的趣味。受到文风盛衰之影响，其大至可分为五期，底下分别介绍。

译文： The inions on Oracle bones, which were engraved and written on tortoise shells and animal bones, were handed down in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. The inions on oracle bones recorded the divination between Pan Geng's moving from Yin Dynasty to Yi Dynasty, and were the earliest calligraphy. The Shang Dynasty had three characteristics, namely, believing in history, drinking and worshiping ghosts and gods; therefore, these tortoise shells, which decided many things about fishing, expedition and agriculture, could be seen again in later generations and become important materials for studying Chinese characters. The Shang Dynasty had excellent brush and ink, and the style of the book was sharp, sharp and sharp, with the interest of blade. Influenced by the rise and fall of literary style, it can be divided into five periods.

商代晚期自盘庚迁殷至商纣王共约273年，经历8世12王，这一时期的甲骨文也应有早晚先后之分。对商代甲骨的分期断代研究，有多种说法，如今主要采用的是董作宾依据世系、称谓、贞人等十项标准划分的五期说，即第一期：盘庚、小辛、小乙、武丁；第二期：祖庚、祖甲；第三期：廪辛、康丁；第四期：武乙、文丁；第五期：帝乙、帝辛。

译文： From the late Shang Dynasty, Pangeng moved to the Yin Dynasty to the Shang Dynasty and experienced eight generations and twelve kings. The oracle bone inions of this period should be divided into early and late. There are many views on the study of the staging and dating of oracle bones in Shang Dynasty. Today, Dong Zuobin's five periods are mainly divided according to ten criteria, such as lineage, appellation and Zhenren, namely, the first period: Pangeng, Xiaoxin, Xiaoyi and Wuding; the second period: Zugeng and Zujia; the third period: Linxin and Kangding; the fourth period: Wuyi and Wending; The fifth issue: Emperor B and di Xin.

黑釉为我国古代瓷器釉色之一，釉面呈黑色或黑褐色，我国早在东汉时就能烧制黑釉瓷。黑釉主要呈色剂为氧化铁及少量或微量的锰、钴、铜、铬等氧化剂。通常所见之赤褐色或暗褐色瓷器，釉料中氧化铁比例为8%左右，如将釉层加厚到1.5毫米时，烧成的釉色就呈纯黑色。

译文： Black glaze is one of the glaze colors of ancient Chinese porcelain. The glaze is black or brown. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, black glazed porcelain could be fired in China. The black glaze mainly consists of iron oxide and a small amount or trace of manganese, cobalt, copper, chromium and other oxidants. Usually seen Auburn or dark brown porcelain, the proportion of iron oxide in the glaze is about 8%. If the glaze layer is thickened to 1.5 mm, the glaze color will be pure black.

黑釉瓷器出现于东汉中、晚期，但当时的釉色为深褐绿色乃至黑色，釉层也薄厚不均，常有蜡泪痕，并在器表的底凹处聚集着很厚的釉层。早期烧制黑釉最成功的首推东晋时期浙江德清窑，所烧黑釉釉面滋润、光亮，色黑如漆，可与漆器媲美。唐代黑釉较为盛行，宋代则是黑釉的高峰时期。明、清时期御器厂所烧黑釉器做工精细，多在纯净的黑釉上施以各种低温色彩，黑釉则成为各种美丽颜色的衬托。

译文：Black glazed porcelain appeared in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, but at that time the glaze color was dark brown green or even black, and the glaze layer was uneven in thickness, often with wax tear marks, and there was a very thick glaze layer gathered in the bottom concave of the surface. The most successful early firing of black glaze was the Deqing kiln in Zhejiang Province in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The burned black glaze was moist, bright and black as lacquer, comparable to lacquerware. The black glaze in the Tang Dynasty prevailed, while the Song Dynasty was the peak period of black glaze. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the black glaze wares burned by imperial wares factories were exquisitely made, mostly with various low temperature colors on the pure black glaze, and the black glaze became a backdrop of various beautiful colors.

中国人对黑色的崇尚由来已久，黑色在《易经》中被认为是天的颜色。所谓“天地玄黄”，黑色在古代中国是众色之王，也是中国古代史上单色崇拜最长的色系。

甲骨文是镌刻或写在龟甲和兽骨上的文字。出土在河南安阳小屯一带，因这里曾是商代后期商王盘庚至帝辛的都城，史称为“殷”。商灭国，遂成为了废墟，后人便以“殷墟”名之。因此，甲骨文也称“殷墟文字”。其内容绝大多数是王室占卜之辞，故又称“卜辞”，或“贞卜文字”。这种文字基本上都是由契刻而成，又称“契文”、或“殷契”等。

译文：

Chinese people have been advocating black for a long time. Black is considered to be the color of heaven in the book of changes. The so-called "heaven and earth dark yellow", black in ancient China is the king of all colors, but also the history of ancient China's longest monochrome worship color system.

Oracle bone inions are inions or inions on tortoise shells and animal bones. It was unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan Province, because it was once the capital of the late Shang Dynasty from Pangeng to Emperor Xin. The merchant destroyed the country and became a ruin. Later generations were named after the Yin Ruins. Therefore, oracle bone inions are also known as "Yin Ruins". Most of its contents are royal divination, so it is also called "oracle" or "Zhen Bu Bu". This kind of writing is basically made up of a contract, also known as "contract" or "Yin Qi".

甲骨文距今已有三千余年，它不仅是研究我国文字源流的最早而有系统的资料，同时也是研究甲骨文书法重要的财富。从书法的角度审视，甲骨文已具备了书法的用笔、结字、章法三个基本要素。

译文：

Oracle Bone inions have been around for more than 3000 years. It is not only the earliest and systematic data to study the origin of Chinese characters, but also an important wealth to study the calligraphy of Oracle bones. From the perspective of calligraphy, oracle bone inions have three basic elements of calligraphy: pen, concluding and writing.

从用笔上看，甲骨文因用刀契刻在坚硬的龟甲或兽骨上，所以，刻时多用直线，曲线也是由短的直线接刻而成。其笔画粗细也多是均匀；由于起刀和收刀直落直起，故多数线条呈现出中间稍粗两端略细的特征，显得瘦劲坚实，挺拔爽利，并富有立体感。

译文：From the point of view of pen, the inions on oracle bones are carved with knives on hard tortoise shells or animal bones. Therefore, straight lines are often used in engraving, and curves are also carved from short straight lines. The strokes are more uniform in thickness, and most of the lines are slightly thicker in the middle and slightly thinner at the ends because of the start and end of the knife falling straight up.

从章法上看，卜辞全篇行款清晰，文字大小错落有致。每行上下、左右、虽有疏密变化，但全篇能行气贯串、大小相依、左右相应、前后呼应的活泼局面。并且，字数多者，全篇安排紧凑，给人以茂密之感，字数少者又显得疏朗空灵，总之，都呈现出古朴而又烂漫的情趣。

译文：From the point of view of the rules, the inions on the oracle inions are clear. Each line up and down, left and right, although there is a dense change, but the whole text can run through, size dependent, left and right corresponding, before and after the lively situation echo. Moreover, those who have more words have a compact arrangement, give people a sense of luxuriance, and those who have fewer words have a clear and spiritual appearance. In short, they all show a simple and uninteresting taste.

史学价值

Historiography value

甲骨文作为一种最古老的文献,为研究商朝历史提供了第一手资料,也为校勘先秦古籍提供了证据。西周甲骨,特别是周原上所记载的“王”的重要活动,不少与古文献所记商末周初的重大历史相印证。商周两大民族很早发生交往,商代晚期关系更加密切,这些内容在殷商甲骨文中大量记载。周原甲骨上还出现不少人名、官名、方国名可以和古文献相印证。对研究西周的官制、方国、地理等具有重要史料依据。

译文：Oracle bone inions, as one of the oldest documents, provide first-hand information for the study of Shang Dynasty history, and also provide evidence for the collation of pre-Qin ancient books. The oracle bones of the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially the important activities of the "king" recorded in the Zhou Dynasty, are corroborated by the important history of the late Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty recorded in ancient documents. The contact between the two nationalities in Shang and Zhou Dynasties took place very early, and the relationship between them became closer in the late Shang Dynasty. There are many names, official names and names of the countries on the oracle bones of Zhou Dynasty, which can be corroborate with ancient documents. It has important historical evidence for the study of the Western Zhou Dynasty's official system, country and geography.

书法艺术价值、美学价值

Artistic value and aesthetic value of calligraphy

甲骨文是现存中国最古的文字,是已知汉语文献的最早形态,大约有4500个单字,可识者约1/3。它的基本词汇、基本语法、基本字形结构跟后代汉语言文字是一致的。

甲骨文的书契者不仅仅在占卜记录中创造了雄伟之迹,而且通过契刻过程自觉不自觉地追求着一种神秘的美感。其艺术的原始创作已经脱离了它本身的象形意义,具备了书法艺术最抽象的美并散发出艺术的审美功能,其历史价值承前启后,不可代替。郭沫若在其所著的《殷契粹编·序文》中,对甲骨文有着精辟的阐述:“卜辞契于龟骨,而契之精而字之美,每令吾辈数千载后人神往。文字作风且因人因世而异,大抵武丁之世,字多雄浑,帝乙之世,文咸秀丽。细者如方寸之片,刻文数十,壮者其一字之大,径可运寸。

译文：

The oracle bone inions are the oldest existing Chinese characters and the earliest known form of Chinese literature. There are about 4500 words, about one third of which can be read. Its basic vocabulary, basic grammar and basic glyph structure are consistent with the Chinese language of the descendants.

The author of the inions on oracle bones not only created magnificent deeds in the divination records, but also consciously or unconsciously pursued a mysterious aesthetic feeling through the process of the inions. The original creation of his art has been divorced from its own pictographic significance, with the most abstract beauty of calligraphy art and exudes the aesthetic function of art, its historical value can not be replaced by the past. Guo Moruo has a brilliant exposition of the oracle bone inions in his book Preface to the Quintessence of Yin Qi: "The oracle inions are related to the tortoise bone, and the beauty of the words is related to the tortoise bone, which fascinates us for thousands of years. The style of writing is different from that of human beings. In the world of Wu Ding, the word is more vigorous. A thin person is like a square inch, with dozens of engravings.

而行之疏密,字之结构,迥环照应,井井有条……”充分肯定了甲骨文书法的艺术价值和审美价值。时至今日,甲骨文以其博大而精深的文化内涵奠定了中国人的艺术观念、审美情趣甚至最基本的知识结构。

译文：And the density of the line, the structure of the word, the ring of anaphora, in perfect order... " It fully affirmed the artistic value and aesthetic value of Oracle calligraphy. Today, oracle bone inions with their broad and profound cultural connotations have laid the Chinese people's artistic concepts, aesthetic taste and even the most basic knowledge structure.

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