Brazil's next president declares war on 'fake news' media巴西下任总统向“假新闻”媒体宣战

▌部分素材来源于路透社，世界播团队翻译

BRASILIA/SAO PAULO (Reuters) - For Brazil’s right-wing President-elect Jair Bolsonaro, attacking critical press outlets almost daily on social media is not enough. Once in office, he vows to hit their bottom line.

巴西利亚/圣保罗(路透社) -对于巴西右翼当选总统贾伊尔·波索纳罗来说，几乎每天在社交媒体上攻击关键媒体是不够的。上任后，他发誓要达到他们的底线。

Journalists work in front of the Brazil's new president-elect, Jair Bolsonaro condominium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil October 29, 2018. REUTERS/Sergio Moraes

2018年10月29日，在巴西里约热内卢，记者在巴西新当选总统贾尔·波索纳罗公寓前工作。路透社/塞尔吉奥·莫赖斯

With half a billion dollars in public-sector marketing budgets coming under his discretion, the fiery former Army captain is threatening to slash ad buys with adversarial media groups, striking at the financial foundations of Brazil’s free press.

在5亿美元的公共部门营销预算由他自己决定的情况下，这位暴躁的前陆军上尉威胁要削减与敌对媒体集团的广告购买，对巴西自由媒体的财务基础进行打击。

After a campaign in which Bolsonaro dismissed investigative reporting as “fake news” invented by a corrupt establishment and his supporters went after individual journalists, the threats are sending a chill through the country’s newsrooms.

在一场运动中，波索纳罗将调查报道斥为腐败当权派编造的“假新闻”，而他的支持者则对个别记者展开追击。在这场运动中，这些威胁令该国的新闻编辑室感到一阵寒意。

Asked in a TV interview last week if he would respect press freedom even for his favourite foil, newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, Brazil’s largest circulation daily, Bolsonaro’s answer was curt.

在上周的一次电视采访中，他被问及是否会尊重新闻自由，即使是他最喜欢的巴西发行量最大的日报《圣保罗页报》，波索纳罗的回答是生硬的。

“That newspaper is done,” Bolsonaro said in a tense TV Globo interview. “As far as I’m concerned with government advertising — press that acts like that, lying shamelessly, won’t have any support from the federal government.”

“报纸办完了。” 波索纳罗在接受环球电视台采访时紧张地说。“就我所关心的政府广告而言，那种无耻撒谎的媒体不会得到联邦政府的任何支持。”

While public funds are just a fraction of revenue at most major media groups, the prospect of a president out to punish unfriendly coverage has put many reporters on edge.

虽然在大多数主要媒体集团，公共基金只是收入的一小部分，但总统可能会出面惩罚不友好的报道，这让许多记者感到不安。

Several seasoned journalists working for Brazil’s biggest news organizations told Reuters in recent weeks they have started to throttle back their criticism, fearing backlash from a Bolsonaro government — and violence from his supporters.

几名在巴西最大新闻机构工作的资深记者近几周对路透社表示，他们已开始收敛批评，因担心遭到波索纳罗政府的强烈反对，以及其支持者的暴力行为。

Brazilian press watchdogs said there has been an escalation of threats and aggression against reporters. Investigative journalism group Abraji began tracking the incidents in Brazil’s most polarized election since the return to democratic government in 1985 after two decades of military dictatorship.

巴西新闻监察机构表示，对记者的威胁和攻击已经升级。调查性新闻集团Abraji开始追踪巴西自1985年恢复民主政府以来，经历了20年军事独裁统治的最两极分化的选举事件。

Most of the attacks on journalists were by Bolsonaro supporters, according to Abraji, which recorded more than 150 cases of campaign reporters coming under threat. Roughly half involved physical violence and the rest were online hate campaigns.

据Abraji报道，大部分对记者的袭击是波索纳罗的支持者发起的，Abraj记录了150多起竞选记者受到威胁的案件。大约一半涉及身体暴力，其余的是网络仇恨运动。

“Treating the press as an antagonist is not a new tactic, but the aggressive tone and frequency of Bolsonaro’s attacks are very worrying,” said the group’s coordinator, Marina Atoji.

“把媒体当作敌手并不是一种新策略，但波索纳罗攻击性语气和频率非常令人担忧，”该组织的协调人玛丽娜·阿托吉说。

Bolsonaro’s supporters said the Brazilian media has a leftist bias and they have turned to social media for news about him.

波索纳罗的支持者说，巴西媒体有左翼偏见，他们已经转向社交媒体寻找有关他的新闻。

“The worst thing was they tried to crucify Bolsonaro for his controversial statements on women, gays and blacks,” said Emilio Kerber, an Air Force major who ran for Congress in Bolsonaro’s small coalition. “But Bolsonaro has millions of followers on social media and he won anyway.”

“最糟糕的是，他们试图将波索纳罗关于女性、同性恋和黑人的有争议言论钉在十字架上。” 空军少校埃米利奥·克尔伯说。“但波索纳罗在社交媒体上有数百万粉丝，他还是赢了。”

Press aides for Bolsonaro did not respond to a request for comment. The president-elect has disavowed any supporters who resort to violence. He said he respects freedom of the press and only asks that it be exercised responsibly.

波索纳罗的新闻助理没有回复记者的置评请求。这位当选总统否认任何诉诸暴力的支持者。他说，他尊重新闻自由，只要求新闻自由负责任地行使。

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In Folha’s newsroom, the sense of siege is palpable.

在Folha的新闻编辑室里，困扰感是显而易见的。

Executive Editor Sérgio Dávila said in an interview the paper has taken security measures to protect its reporters after a social media barrage by Bolsonaro supporters over reporting on his campaign’s use of messaging platform WhatsApp.

执行编辑Sergio Davila接受采访时表示，该报已采取安全措施保护记者，此前波索纳罗支持者在社交媒体上抨击该报使用即时通讯平台WhatsApp。

“This is the most tense recent election, because the massive use of social media has meant journalists are more exposed to the supporters of the candidates,” he said.

他说:“这是最近最紧张的选举，因为大量使用社交媒体意味着记者更容易接触到候选人的支持者。”

“Bolsonaro voters are particularly active on social media,” Dávila said, adding that he had never seen such vitriol directed at individual journalists over specific stories.

“波索纳罗选民在社交媒体上特别活跃，” Dávila说，他还补充说，他从未见过针对具体报道的个别记者如此尖刻。

After his victory on Sunday, Bolsonaro said media groups that spread lies will miss out on federal government advertising, which totalled 1.8 billion reais (373.2 million pounds) in 2017, including ads by state enterprises.

周日他获胜后，波索纳罗说散布谎言的媒体集团将错过联邦政府广告，2017年联邦政府广告总额为18亿雷亚尔( 3.732亿英镑)，包括国有企业的广告。

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TV Globo, which has long dominated Brazilian media and shaped public debate with its vast audience, receives less than 4 percent of its annual revenue from government funding, the group said in a statement. Folha said public-sector advertising was less than 5 percent of revenue.

该组织在一份声明中称，长期主导巴西媒体并影响公众辩论的环球电视台，其年收入中只有不到4 %来自政府资助。Folha说，公共部门广告收入不到收入的5 %。

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Still, many smaller media groups have embraced Bolsonaro with friendly interviews and less aggressive coverage.

尽管如此，许多较小的媒体集团还是接受了波索纳罗的友好采访，并对其进行了不那么激进的报道。

That has stoked tensions at some outlets.

这加剧了一些媒体的紧张气氛。

At Radio Guaiba in the city of Porto Alegre, veteran broadcaster Juremir Machado walked out of the studio on the air for what he called censorship at the end of an interview with Bolsonaro. He said he was not allowed to ask any questions and quit the programme.

在阿雷格里港市Guaiba电台，资深播音员朱雷米尔·马查多在接受波索纳罗的采访结束时，走出演播室，接受他所谓的审查。他说，他被禁止问任何问题并退出该项目。

After billionaire media mogul and preacher Edir Macedo threw his support behind Bolsonaro, his Record TV network increased coverage of the right-winger’s rallies. It stepped up criticism of leftist challenger Fernando Haddad and played up stories of corruption in his Workers Party, said one former employee, who requested anonymity for fear of retaliation.

在亿万富翁媒体大亨兼牧师埃迪尔•马塞多支持波索纳罗之后，他的创纪录电视网络增加了对这位右翼分子集会的报道。一名前雇员表示，该党加大了对左翼挑战者费尔南多•哈达德的批评，并夸大了他所在的工人党的腐败报道。

Grupo Record did not respond to a request for comment.

Grupo Record没有回应置评请求。

Its network raised eyebrows three days before the first-round vote by broadcasting an exclusive interview with Bolsonaro at the very same time of a presidential debate on rival channel TV Globo that the candidate declined to attend for medical reasons. That night, the Record TV newscast had its best audience of the year to date.

在第一轮投票前三天，该电视台播出了对波索纳罗的独家专访，引起了人们的惊讶。与此同时，该电视台的竞争对手环球电视台也在进行总统辩论。那天晚上，创纪录的电视新闻节目迎来了今年迄今为止最好的观众。

Other outlets are finding there is an audience for more aggressive coverage. Dávila, the Folha editor, said in recent weeks the paper has seen a spike in subscriptions.

其他媒体也发现，他们的受众更倾向于积极报道。《Folha》主编Davila最近几周表示，该报的订阅数量出现了激增。

“It wasn’t something we asked for. It wasn’t a campaign organized by the newspaper,” Dávila said.

“这不是我们想要的。这不是报纸组织的活动。” Davila说。

“They basically said: ‘Folha does critical journalism. Bolsonaro is attacking Folha. I’m going to subscribe to Folha out of solidarity.’”

“他们基本上说:‘Folha做的是批判性新闻。波索纳罗正在攻击Folha。出于团结一致，我会订阅Folha。”

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