(原標題:2020年了,爲何還有人認爲女生不擅長數學?)

“男生用藍版,女生用紅版。”
日前,華東師範大學出版社推出了一套名爲《男生女生學數學》的教輔材料。

據出版社介紹,該系列教輔基於大數據分析和學者研究反饋,結合男生、女生對數學知識點的學習特點,分別設計了男生版和女生版教輔,旨在“使男女生髮揮各自優勢、幫助男女生根據實際情況找出數學學習的薄弱環節、爲學習進步找到突破口。”
這一教輔引發了不少網友的批評和質疑。有網友認爲,出版社以性別劃分爲“噱頭”,強化了學科學習的性別差異,會誤導學生產生刻板的性別認識。

還有網友指出,出版社在微信公衆號文章中使用了“我女兒數學不錯,就買男生版吧”這樣的標題,是在變相強調“男生數學能力強於女生”,有性別歧視之嫌。

面對爭議,華東師範大學出版社8月19日在官方微博發表聲明,稱該套書即日起終止出版。
A newly published supplementary book on math has sparked wide controversy in China because it is divided into two editions by gender. The publisher, East China Normal University Press, raised eyebrows in an article titled "My daughter is good at math, should I buy the boy edition for her?"
Facing criticism that it was promoting misconceptions about gender differences in math performance, the publisher announced on Wednesday that the book has officially been taken off the shelves.
幫女生考高分?牛津大學延長數學考試時間

無獨有偶,英國牛津大學也曾因爲男女在數學學科上的差異化言論遭到批評。
2018年,牛津大學決定在不改變考題難度和數量的前提下,將數學系和計算機系考試時間由原來的90分鐘延長至105分鐘。校方認爲延長考試時間可以幫助女生提高成績。

牛津大學在一份校方內部文件中表示,“人們普遍認爲女生對時間更敏感、更容易感到時間壓力,但考試應該考察的是數學理解力,而不是比速度。延長考試時間,有助減輕那些對時間壓力比較敏感的女生受到的影響,進而減輕近年日益擴大的男女成績差異”。
這一做法遭到了部分學生和教師的批評,他們認爲此舉涉嫌性別歧視,暗示女性數學成績不如男性。
In 2018, the University of Oxford extended the length of math and computer science exams from 90 to 105 minutes as part of an effort to help women achieve better grades.
According to a document acquired by The Times newspaper, the university believed that the changes would serve to "mitigate the gender gap that has arisen in recent years, and in any case the exam should be a demonstration of mathematical understandings and not a time trial."
Some critics of the measure have argued that such effort is "sexist" and presupposes that women are worse at math than men.
男生真的比女生更擅長數學嗎?

“女生學數學很喫力。”
“女生數學成績總是比不過男生了。”
“爲什麼女生學數學會比較困難?”
……
在大家的學生生涯中,是否聽過很多類似的話?

那麼男生真的比女生更擅長數學嗎?讓我們來看一看這方面的一些研究結果。
由經濟合作與發展組織(OCED)主辦的國際學生能力評估測試(PISA),每三年舉行一次,是目前世界上規模最大、最具權威性的教育評估項目之一。每次測試,數萬名來自全球70多個國家和地區的15歲青少年將接受數學、閱讀、科學三個科目的考察。法國學者托馬斯?佈雷達(Thomas Breda)和克洛蒂爾德?納普(Clotilde Napp)對測試結果進行分析後發現,男女生在數學成績上的差別非常小。
Every three years, hundreds of thousands of 15-year-olds from more than 70 countries and regions take part in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), run by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Students complete tests in math, reading and science in the PISA. When French scholars Thomas Breda and Clotilde Napp looked at the data from the program, they found that there were very small gender gaps in math performance.

由國際教育成就評價協會(IEA)開展的國際數學與科學趨勢研究項目(TIMSS)每四年舉辦一次,主要考察各國四年級和八年級學生的數學與科學學科成績。美國心理學家妮可?艾爾斯-卡斯特(Nicole Else-Quest)分析測試結果後發現,相較於男生,女生在數學上並沒有處於劣勢。在部分項目上,女生的表現甚至比男生更優異。
Nicole Else-Quest, an American psychologist examined data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science (TIMSS), and found that girls around the world are not worse at math than boys and sometimes even better than their male peers.
關於“女性和數學”的刻板印象

2019年3月19日,挪威科學與文學院在奧斯陸宣佈,將2019年的阿貝爾獎(Abel Prize)頒給美國數學家凱倫?凱斯庫拉?烏倫貝克(Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck),以表彰她在分析、幾何和數學物理方面的成就。阿貝爾獎被譽爲“數學界的諾貝爾獎”,烏倫貝克是第一位獲此殊榮的女性數學家。
On March 19, 2019, U.S. mathematician Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck was awarded the 2019 Abel Prize – seen by many as the Nobel Prize in mathematics – for her wide-ranging work in analysis, geometry and mathematical physics. Uhlenbeck is the first woman to win the prize, which is given out by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters to honor the 19th-century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
在烏倫貝克1996年的一篇論文中,她曾這樣寫道:“因爲我們是女性,所以被告知不能研究數學……我喜歡做我這件不被支持的事情,這是一種合法的反叛。”
"We were told that we couldn’t do math because we were women," Uhlenbeck wrote in a 1996 essay. "I liked doing what I wasn't supposed to do, it was a sort of legitimate rebellion."
從烏倫貝克身上,不難看出女性參與數學研究的困難和不易。
但女性與數學之間並無任何自然的障礙,女性成爲數學家的障礙來自於社會環境。
2005年,時任哈佛大學校長勞倫斯?薩默斯(Lawrence Summers)在一次演講中聲稱,“男女之間的先天性差別可能是導致女性在數理領域鮮有建樹的原因。”
薩默斯最終因爲這番涉嫌性別歧視的言論辭去了校長一職,他的這番言論也恰好反映了社會中普遍存在的一個刻板印象——“女性天生不擅長數理。”

聯合國教科文組織2017年出版一份調查報告指出,性別刻板印象和歧視一定程度上會破壞女性的學習體驗,也使她們的教育方面的選擇大爲受限。
科學、技術、工程和數學(Science, Technology, Engineering和Mathematics,簡稱STEM)教育領域存在的性別不平等現象尤爲顯著。高等教育階段,STEM相關研究領域的所有學生中,只有35%是女性;目前全球研究人員隊伍中,女性佔比僅爲28%。
Gender stereotypes and biased attitudes compromise the quality of the learning experience for female students and limit their education choices.
The gender disparity in STEM education is striking. In higher education, only 35% of all students enrolled in STEM-related fields are female. Today, only 28% of all of the world’s researchers are women. 
報告還指出,儘管研究表明女性和男性在STEM學科上的學習能力沒有什麼差異,但社會環境影響下,很多女性從小就被灌輸了類似“男生更適合STEM學科”的觀點,這大大打擊了她們參與STEM學科的自信心和積極性。
Girls are often brought up to believe that STEM subjects are "masculine" topics and that female ability in STEM is innately inferior to that of males. While research on biological factors belies any factual basis for such beliefs, they persist and undermine girls' confidence, interest and willingness to engage in STEM subjects.

吉國傑 本文來源:CGTN 責任編輯:化成雨_NBJ11143
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