Mares and Foals without a Backgroundby George Stubbs, Public Domian (source: commons.wikimedia.org)

引言

論歐洲歷史中繪畫駿馬最著名者,非英國畫家 GEORGE STUBBS(喬治 史塔布斯;1724~1806)莫屬,自幼立志成爲畫家的他,只經歷過數週的拜師學藝,便通過自學成才的方式達到如此深湛造詣,天賦之高令人驚歎,但能夠成爲一代藝術巨匠,他所付出的努力也是常人所難以想象的。

George Stubbsby George Stubbs, National Portrait Gallery, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

現存關於這位畫家的文獻記錄少之又少,爲何他的大部分畫作均以馬爲題已是無從稽考,但無論是過去或現在,大家都一致認爲 GEORGE STUBBS筆下的馬匹,是畫家中表現得最爲真實、最爲準確的。

我們今天暫且不談賽馬、不聊馬匹血統,就讓筆者帶您好好欣賞這位大師震撼心靈的藝術作品,領略什麼是真正的栩栩如生。

震撼初體驗

數年前一次走馬觀花之旅,筆者有幸親眼觀賞到 GEORGE STUBBS最著名的作品 Whistlejacket,奈何當時有眼不識泰山,對這位藝術大師一無所知,只記得當時在其它畫廳中透過門廊,遠遠看到這幅巨型作品(292 x 246.4 cm)之時,便被活像要跳出來的栗色駿馬所深深吸引,畫中雖無傳統畫作中精美絕倫的背景,但馬匹的立體感實在令人拍案叫絕,至今仍記憶猶新,對藝術一知半解的筆者尚有如此感受,不難想象有多少人曾被這幅栩栩如生的畫作打動過。

Whistlejacketby George Stubbs, The National Gallery, UK (source: artuk.org)

這幅約於 1762 年完成的作品,是 GEORGE STUBBS爲他最重要的顧客,第二代 Marquess of Rockingham(羅金漢侯爵)所畫,這位侯爵是兩屆英國首相兼歐洲最富有的人之一,而 Whistlejacket 正是其名下馬匹,出生於 1749 年,乃 Goldolphin Arabian(純血馬三大原始祖先之一)的第三代。

傳世佳作

就像很多畫家一樣,GEORGE STUBBS也曾有窮困潦倒、依靠親朋戚友補貼的時光,所幸在三十多歲之時,趕上純血賽馬活動在英國上流社會急速盛行的風口,讓這位極度精於繪畫馬匹的畫家,受到一衆達官貴人與皇室貴族的青睞,爭相邀約爲愛馬留畫紀念。

有畫一匹的…

Bay Hunter by a Lakeby George Stubbs, Tate, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

成對的…

Two Horses in a Paddockby George Stubbs, National Trust, Ascott, UK (source: artuk.org)

三匹一起的…

'Gnawpost' and Two Other Coltsby George Stubbs, Walker Art Gallery, UK (artuk.org)

有大有小的…

Mares and Foals in a River Landscapeby George Stubbs, Tate, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (artuk.org)

當然亦有馬主喜歡一起成爲主角的…

Sir Sidney Medowsby George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

名媛自然是少不了…

Laetitia, Lady Ladeby George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

這可是英皇喬治四世未登位之前啊!

George IV, when Prince of Walesby George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

有一家三口的…

The Reverend Robert Carter Thelwall and His Familyby George Stubbs, The Holburne Museum, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

還有一大家子的…

Wedgwood Familyby George Stubbs, Wedgwood Museum, UK (sources: artuk.org)

就像 Whistlejacket 一樣,有不少有名有姓的真實純血馬成爲了畫中主角,比如說 Eclipse「日蝕」,一匹絕大部份現代純血馬的共同祖先…

Eclipseby George Stubbs, Learning Resource Centre, UK (source: artuk.org)

1795 年三歲經典賽「英國聖烈治」冠軍 Hambletonian…

Hambletonianby George Stubbs, National Trust, Mount Stewart, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

這匹叫 Lustre,Godolphin Arabian 的第三代,與 Whistlejacket 同輩份啊!

Lustre, held by a Groomby George Stubbs, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection (source: britishart.yale.edu)

Baronet,一匹後來出口到美國的純血馬…

Baronetwith Samuel Chifney up by George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

灰馬 Gimcrack 是當時名字響噹噹的賽場王者!

Gimcrack with John Pratt up on Newmarket Heathby George Stubbs, The Fitzwillian Museum, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

一匹腿長長稱作 Molly Long Legs 的雌馬,果然馬如其名…

'Molly Long-Legs' with Her Jockeyby George Stubbs, Walker Art Gallery, UK (source: artuk.org)

這匹叫 Otho 所屬的父線血系(St Victors Barb)早就滅絕了…

Otho, with John Larkin upby George Stubbs, Tate, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

這匹叫 Pumpkin 的慄毛馬,曾拿下十六場賽事的冠軍!

Pumpkinby George Stubbs, National Trust, Ascott, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

這是 Turf,第三代 Duke of Ancaster(安卡斯特公爵)的名下馬…

Turf, with Jockey up, at Newmarketby George Stubbs, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection (source: britishart.yale.edu)

除了馬,GEORGE STUBBS 也會畫一些其他動物,比如說汪星人…

Fino and Tinyby George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

犛牛…

Yakby George Stubbs, Hunterian Museum, UK (source: artuk.org)

斑馬…

Zebraby George Stubbs, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection (source: britishart.yale.edu)

駝鹿…

The Mooseby George Stubbs, Hunterian Art Gallery, University of Glasgow, UK (source: artuk.org)

牛與雞(還有英國人一枚)…

The Lincolnshire Oxby George Stubbs, Walker Art Gallery, UK (source: artuk.org)

犀牛也有?

Rhinocerosby George Stubbs, Hunterian Museum, UK (source: artuk.org)

獵鷹,看上去是家養的吧?

Greenland Falconby George Stubbs, Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection (source: britishart.yale.edu)

藍牛羚,沒聽說過…

The Nilgaiby George Stubbs, Hunterian Art Gallery, University of Glasgow, UK (source: artuk.org)

撒狗糧的馬鹿情侶…

A Red Deer Buck and a Doeby George Stubbs, Royal Collection Trust, UK (source: royalcollection.org.uk)

袋鼠?據說這是在歐洲畫作當中首次出現的澳洲大陸物種!

The Kongouro from New Hollandby George Stubbs, Royal Museums Greenwich, UK (source: collections.rmg.co.uk)

一頭鹿、一頭獵豹和兩個印度人,他們想幹什麼呢?

Cheetah and Stag with Two Indiansby George Stubbs, Manchester Art Gallery, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

獅子是 GEORGE STUBBS 在畫中經常與馬放一起的動物,可憐的馬自然是被侵害的對象了,而這個主題曾經出現過不少的版本,比如這匹銀鬃馬的…

Horse Frightened by a Lionby George Stubbs, Tate, UK (source: artuk.org)

嚇得不輕呢!這是匹 Palomino 還是 Cremello?

A Stallion Surprised by a Lionby George Stubbs, English Heritage, Down House, UK (source: artuk.org)

小白龍也跑不掉哈!

Horse Frightened by a Lionby George Stubbs, Walker Art Gallery, UK (source: artuk.org)

最後,還是銀鬃馬被咬上了,嗚嗚嗚…

Horse Devoured by a Lionby George Stubbs, Tate, UK, CC BY-NC-ND (source: artuk.org)

大家都知道馬是極度好動的動物,要他如模特般一動不動讓您畫,簡直是難於登天,繪畫馬匹的實際難度要比人像大得多了,而 GEORGE STUBBS除了天份外,到底還有什麼祕訣能使畫作如此的傳神?

真正的大師

GEORGE STUBBS與另一位大家都認識的大師「達芬奇」擁有一個共通點,那便是對解刨學均甚感興趣並曾經深入研究,GEORGE STUBBS約二十歲時便向一些專家開始學習解剖,在三十二歲時更在妻子的協助下,利用一年半的時間對死去的馬匹進行解剖,在一層一層剝下後用畫筆記錄所見,以深入瞭解馬匹運動時骨骼與肌肉的實際狀態。

Finished study for The Third Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

The Fourth Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

The Fifth Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

這一切均發生在 GEORGE STUBBS未成名之時。

The Eleventh Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

The Thirteenth Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

The Fifteenth Anatomical Table of the Muscles ... of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

The Third Anatomical Table of the Skeleton of the Horseby George Stubbs, Royal Academy of Arts, UK (source: royalacademy.org.uk)

在完成這些解剖作品後,GEORGE STUBBS更希望集結成書謀求出版,以幫助後世畫家對馬匹的瞭解,可惜在當時來說這樣的想法過於瘋狂,自己因爲囊中羞澀無法如願的同時,亦沒有金主願意施以援手,但他並沒有因此而放棄,在經過不斷努力並於畫作完成約八年後的 1766 年,他的這本"The anatomy of the Horse"最終得以問世。

我們在 GEORGE STUBBS的身上可以看到,要成就一位真正的大師,除了過人的天賦外,背後超乎常人的努力與堅持也是重要關鍵所在,現在總歸明白爲何他筆下的馬匹是如此的傳神、如此的準確了。

後記

GEORGE STUBBS的畫值多少錢?他的一幅"Gimcrack on Newmarket Heath, with a Trainer, a Stable-lad, and a Jockey"(96.5 x 186.5cm)於 2011 年以 2,240 萬英鎊在拍賣會上成交,成爲該畫家成交價最高的一幅作品。

Gimcrack on Newmarket Heath, with a Trainer, a Stable-lad, and a Jockeyby George Stubbs, Public Domian (commons.wikimedia.org)

而在 2016 年,一幅喚作"Two Hacks"(54.6 x 73.7cm)的作品,原收藏者美國加州 Huntington Library 以爲是臨摹作品,以 21.5 萬美元在拍賣會上把真跡出售,據說眼光獨到的買家後來對該畫的定價高達 75 萬英鎊,成爲收藏界的一時佳話。

Two Hacksby George Stubbs, The Parker Gallery (source theparkergallery.com)

由於本身對馬匹的鐘愛,GEORGE STUBBS成爲了筆者最喜歡的畫家之一,希望透過這篇文章對他的簡單介紹與作品展示,你也會喜歡上他,不少畫作的真跡目前被美國的 Yale Center for British Art 以及英國的 Royal Acadeny of Arts、The National Gallery、National Maritime Museum、National Museums Liverpool 與 Tate Gallery 等地收藏,英國皇室亦擁有其十六幅畫作之多,如果日後有機會不妨去看一看真跡,那種震撼感是在這裏看小圖無法比擬的。

文 / Marty S.

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