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TEXT 683

經濟學人:向朝鮮匯款的祕密渠道(2)

That is low compared with remittances from workers sent abroad by the state, which are estimated to be in the hundreds of millions.(Sanctions require that these overseas workers return home by the end of this year.)But it is substantial both relative to North Korean GDP per person, reckoned to be between $1,000 and $2,000 a year,and as a share of income earned by North Koreans in South Korea, who make around $1,300 a month on average.

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和該國派往國外工人的匯款相比較低，據估國外工人往韓國國內的匯款爲億萬美元。（制裁要求那些海外工人今年年底前回國。）但不管是相對於朝鮮人均GDP（預估爲1千美元到2千美元一年）還是朝鮮人在韓國的所得份額（平均每個月賺約1300美元），這個金額都非常巨大。

The majority of recipients live in North Hamgyeong and Yanggang on the northern border with China,the home provinces of most of those fleeing the North. (The proximity to the Chinese border also enables communication using smuggled Chinese sim cards.)The money is sent through a sophisticated network of brokers in South Korea, China and North Korea.Like the majority of refugees, these are usually women; often less compelled to work for the state,they are more active in the North's informal economy than men.

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大部分受助者都生活在咸鏡北道和中國北境兩江道，大部分逃離朝鮮的人都住在這些省。（中國邊界附近也能夠使用走私的中國SIM卡打電話。）錢都是通過韓國、中國和朝鮮的一個複雜的經紀人網絡轉賬。和大部分逃亡者一樣，這些通常是女性；通常不會強迫她們爲國家工作，她們在朝鮮的非正式經濟中比男性更加活躍。

If a refugee in South Korea wants to make a transfer, she may contact a broker in the North who owes a smuggler in China.The refugee may offer to pay some portion of the broker's debt;in return, the intermediary gives an equivalent amount to the refugee's family in the North, usually in dollars or Chinese yuan.The system is based on trust—and extravagant fees. The broker who facilitates the transaction takes a cut of around 30%.

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如果一個在韓國的逃亡者想要轉賬，她可能會聯繫一位欠中國走私者錢的朝鮮經紀人。逃亡者可以先替這位經紀人還一些債；作爲回報，中間人要給這位逃亡者在朝鮮的家人同等數額的錢，通常是美元或人民幣。這一體系是基於信任—以及高額的收費。促成這筆交易的經紀人要抽取30%的費用。

Uninitiated participants with weak networks may fall victim to scams, says Ms Kim, though she claims they are rare:wronged customers can get their brokers into trouble by reporting them to the Chinese or North Korean authorities.In a few cases, money flows the other way. A small number of refugees surveyed by NKDB said that they had received money from relatives in the North.

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在這個脆弱網絡中，沒有經驗的參與者可能會成爲騙局的受害者，Kim說到，雖然她聲稱這種情況很少發生：被騙的客戶可能會向中國或朝鮮當局舉報他們的經紀人，讓他們陷入麻煩。在少數情況下，資金會反向流動。NKDB調查中的少數逃亡者表示他們收到了朝鮮親戚的錢。

But those who make it abroad are vastly more likely to be able to support their relatives.That this complicates relationships is not lost on Ms Kim."I didn't know my father was dead for two years because my aunt lied to me," she says. "But I understand why she did it."

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但是那些逃到國外的人極可能有能力幫襯他們的親戚。這種複雜化的關係沒有影響到Kim。“我不知道我的父親已經去世兩年了，我的姑媽向我撒謊了，”她說道。“但我明白她爲什麼這麼做。”

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註釋

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1.remittance 匯款

Remittance can be made by cheque or credit card.

可通過支票或信用卡匯款。

2.sanction 制裁

Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that refused to sign the agreement.

凡拒籤該協議的國家均受到貿易制裁。

3.flee逃跑

He slammed the bedroom door behind him and fled.

他砰地關上臥室的門就逃走了。

4.transaction 交易

They were uncertain of the total value of the transaction

他們還不確定這筆交易的總價值是多少。