藝術作爲人類最高精神追求的領域，它涵蓋了從繪畫、音樂、建築、詩歌、小說、戲劇以及被稱爲世界第七大藝術形式的電影，這其中繪畫、音樂、建築則是不需要藉助語言就能自由理解的藝術，是藝術無國界的代表形式。

在浩瀚的藝術海洋裏，很多國家都以其絢爛的藝術瑰寶被人們所熟悉，這是文化的力量。意大利的歌劇，繪畫及雕塑、法國的文學及電影、德國的古典音樂大師、英國的莎士比亞及戲劇、奧地利的交響樂、美國的百老匯及好萊塢、即便是經濟不發達的印度也有世界聞名的歌舞劇，還有中國的國粹京劇以及數不盡的地方戲曲...

*By Shahin de Heart, gazelle

不過，我們今天想談的是世界範圍內最爲普及的藝術欣賞形式——繪畫。

繪畫藝術從以宗教題材爲主要表達內容的5-15世紀，到13世紀開始繁榮於15、6世紀的人文主義關懷的文藝復興運動，直至18世紀的法國啓蒙運動，出現了豐富的繪畫流派，誕生出新古典主義、浪漫主義、印象主義等等流派...19世紀末照相機的誕生，更是讓抽象派、表現主義及新表現主義在20世紀風靡整個西方繪畫世界。人們在走過怎麼畫都像不過照相機的糾結中，把寫實主義作爲了一種繪畫的經典手法，在此基礎上更多的以通過作品着重表現內心的情感，而忽視對描寫對象形式的摹寫。

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, Landscape and languag

表現主義（Expressionism），作爲現代重要藝術流派之一，20世紀初起源於德國（北歐的一場藝術運動,涉及繪畫、詩歌、小說、戲劇等諸多領域。作爲一種思潮,它反映了特定時空的政治、經濟、文化和社會生活背景,且影響深遠,甚至在表現主義的社團停止活動以後很久,表現主義的美學思想和藝術手法對德國和其他西方國家的許多藝術家仍然有很強的吸引力。），弘揚於紐約，最終被又被德國的新表現主義取代其江湖地位。一批藝術家創造的“德國新表現主義”潮流所獲得的世界影響力成功地恢復和加強了歐洲尤其是德國的文化地位。喬治-巴塞利茲，約爾格-伊門多夫，馬庫斯-呂佩爾茲，A-R-彭克是德國新表現主義畫家羣體中的四位傑出代表。

德國的工業強國、哲學大國印象深入人心，使得人們忽略了其在藝術領域的影響力，帶着這樣的好奇心，我向德國抽象表現主義油畫家Shahin de Heart請教了一些有關德國繪畫藝術與大衆的教育及認知方面的問題。以下爲問答內容，鑑於被訪者的原文英文表達，我們沒有做二次翻譯處理，請各位自己理解或是用翻譯器幫助閱讀，目的就是不想影響大家對畫家本身觀點的理解。

* By Shahin de Heart, Matterhorn-Africa, 80x120 cm

Shahin de Heart小檔案。1948出生於伊朗德黑蘭，1971年-1981年就讀於德國科隆大學，1972在藝術史上的1980項研究中獲得科隆大學考古學和人類學（碩士），曾獲得哈菲茲獎最佳波斯青年畫家的贏家。1980以來自由藝術家。2004從杜塞爾多夫搬到倫訥普。在雷姆沙伊德d-42897倫內普，德國生活和工作。舉辦過許多展覽，作品均爲私人及公衆收藏。

1. Can we simply talk about the mainstream value identity of German painting art?

Apart from the historical DDR (the Eastern German Democratic Republic 1949-1990) doctrin of socialist realism, there is no nation-style in German postwar art. There are groups of artists, but without a binding program and without clear commonalities. Today's art scene benefits from a very interesting living painting activity. In addition to sculpture, painting is still one of the most classical, for centuries the most important genre of art. The themes and styles and painting processes are multilayered and very different. Since the Renaissance, a complicated network of references to forms and motifs has developed that lasts until today. In Germany there is a cultural diversity that is very fruitful for art in general. Various aspects of German history, German past, East-West conflict, German division, destruction and suffering by World War II, Neo Expressionism, Postmodern Realism, Conceptual Art. Young artists have supplemented or even combined painting with electronic or digital means of expression. Some painters define themselves by the conscious recourse to already existing, to past styles from the early 20th century to the 1970ies. Abstract painting today represents a multiplicity of painterly positions and shows a wide range of figuration, abstraction till to monochromacity.

* By Shahin de Heart, hafez weiss

2. What inspired you to choose the present style of painting?

I have always painted both, figuratively and abstractly and further, for more than 30 years, often I have combined different styles, diverse things, like two landscapes and people from all continents. In the year 1985 I began drawing abstract paintings about Hafez (1325-1390), the Persian poet and mystic, with oil crayon. Inspired by lines of Hafez poems that had already moved me as a kid: „Come, let us scatter blossoms, / let us pour wine into the cups, / let us open the roof of heaven, / and design each day a new world!"

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, Landscape and Languag

3. How do you understand painting?

a) Contemporary art often places more emphasis on concepts, thoughts and issues than on aesthetics of the work. It is often politically motivated or takes critical position on contemporary history. It gives no answers but asks more questions and this enriches us with new insights. When looking at a picture, I try to remain open and objective. I put back my evaluations and interpretations first and observe the picture. I try to understand what's going on and if the artwork raises questions. What is shown, which emotions does it evoke with me? Does it encourage me to want to know more about it? Is there a basic idea that pervades the work, that underlies the work? Only the play of shapes and colors is not an end in itself, but it should dissolve in me new, mixed feelings. For me it is essential that I not only apprehend the artwork emotionally, but also understand it. The picture should enrich me and should stay in my memory. It should make me curious to see it again and to see it new. At least, I expect the painting to be well painted.

* By Shahin de Heart, Hafez, My Garden, 120x80 cm,

b) My interest in drawing started at the age of 5 years. As a pupil I drew the filmstars and donated the drawings to the other children as a hot coveted present. Later I mostly painted winter landscapes and flowers in watercolor. And in my childish thought and dreams I really wanted to sell them as well, as I was 11 years old. At that time I knew that I am going to be a painter. The basics were already in childhood created. I come from an art-interested family. I have always been very interested in politics, environmental, freedom and the life circumstances of human being all over the world. Therefore I had studied ethnology in addition to art history and classical archeology. All of this has deeply influenced my art without me seeing myself as a political painter. My life years are reflected in my painted pictures: for instance in the year 2000 the beginning of women series. I hope to pass on as an artist my idea of responsibilty and my optimistic mood to the younger generation of creative people.

4. What are the methods used in training of art talents in Germany?

Musically and artistically highly gifted children have outstanding development opportunities in Germany. Of course, first of all, parents, kindergarten or school can the child's talents recognize. There are museums, colleges, foundations or theaters that promote, observe and accompany the professional education of young people.

5. How does the ordinary people of Germany understand the art of painting?

Art has a high priority in German society – and always had. Culture is very important here. There are excellent art academies in Germany today and moreover many important collectors, especially in the Rhineland. The museums are world class, with more than 300 institutions like art associations which are regarded as the most significant art education platforms in Germany. With 100.000 members and an audience of every origin, they are the civic backbone of contemporary art and have developed in recent decades into an engine of experimental art production in a world-wide unique variety. Art associations serve to mediate between contemporary art and an art-interested audience – primarily through exhibitions and the sale of works of art to their members. The freedom of art has a high value for German culture because of the anti-art experiences on the Fascist era.

* By Shahin de Heart, Woman, 40x40 cm, 2015, Oil o

當今世界的繪畫藝術仍是收藏家的主要藏品形式之一。在有着歷史淵源的西方家族中仍舊流傳着由畫家給每一個時代掌管家族事業的主人畫肖像的傳統，他們並不用照相機解決此等問題，繪畫仍是有着相當高地位的表現形式。

Tips（摘自網絡）: 抽象表現主義(Abstract Expression)又稱抽象主義，或抽象派。二戰後直到20世紀60年代早期的一種繪畫流派。抽象派這個字第一次運用在美國藝術上，是在1946年由藝術評論家羅伯特·寇特茲Robert Coates所提出的。"抽象表現主義"這個詞用以定義一羣藝術家所做的大膽揮灑的抽象畫。他們的作品或熱情奔放，或安寧靜謐，都是以抽象的形式表達和激起人的情感。

抽象派之所以能自成一派，原因在於它表達了藝術的情感強度，還有自我表徵等特性。這跟表現主義反具象化美學，和歐洲一些強調抽象圖騰的藝術學校：如包豪斯，未來派，或是立體主義等，都有呼應。抽象派的畫作也往往具有反叛的，無秩序的，超脫於虛無的特異感覺。

表現主義（Expressionism），現代重要藝術流派之一。20世紀初流行於德國、法國、奧地利、北歐和俄羅斯的文學藝術流派。1901年法國畫家朱利安·奧古斯特·埃爾韋爲表明自己繪畫有別於印象派而首次使用此詞。後德國畫家也在章法、技巧、線條、色彩等諸多方面進行了大膽地“創新”，逐漸形成了派別。後來發展到音樂、電影、建築、詩歌、小說、戲劇等領域。表現主義是藝術家通過作品着重表現內心的情感，而忽視對描寫對象形式的摹寫，因此往往表現爲對現實扭曲和抽象化的這個做法尤其用來表達恐懼的情感，因此，主題歡快的表現主義作品很少見。從這個定義上來說馬蒂斯·格呂內瓦爾德與格雷考的作品也可以說是表現主義的，但是一般來說表現主義僅限於20世紀的作品。

*Writer, Betty Background: 服裝設計專業，英國遊學，輔修大衆傳播。時尚及生活方式新媒體主編，時尚美學評論人，品牌管理高級顧問，常年專注於研究歐美時裝週近百餘品牌設計風格。

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