這是我看過最有“味道”的英文演講！比爾蓋茨手握糞便罐上臺爲新廁所代言（附視頻&演講稿）

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　　11月6日，新世代廁所博覽會在北京舉辦。前全球首富&微軟創始人比爾·蓋茨比爾蓋茨演講時舉起一罐人類糞便，呼籲共同關注廁所衛生健康，表示新廁所革命將創造每年60億的商機。

　　參觀者表示，看到了廁所的未來世界，希望未來中國普通農民都能有機會用上。比爾蓋茨在演講中，稱貧困地區環境中的病菌比這罐糞便還多。過去十年致力於衛生問題的他已經習慣在餐桌前暢談廁所和糞污了。

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　　Billionaire philanthropist and Microsoft founder Bill Gates had his hands full on-stage in Beijing on Tuesday, showing a jar of human faeces.

　　億萬富翁慈善家兼微軟創始人比爾蓋茨週二在北京上演了驚人展示：雙手捧着一罐人類糞便。

　　The stunt was part of his speech at the Reinvented Toilet Expo event - a showcase for new toilet technologies.

　　這個展示是他在“新世代廁所博覽會”上的演講的一部分，該博覽會主要展示新廁所技術。

　　The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has spent more than \$200m on researching the field across the last seven years.

　　比爾和梅林達·蓋茨基金會在過去七年中花費了超過2億美元用於研究該領域。

　　Twenty cutting-edge sanitation products were on display, intended to destroy harmful bacteria and prevent disease.

　　該機構展出了二十種尖端衛生產品，這些產品旨在消滅有害細菌和預防疾病。

　　"I have to say, a decade ago I never imagined that I’d know so much about poop," Mr Gates joked at the conference. "And I definitely never thought that Melinda would have to tell me to stop talking about toilets and faecal sludge at the dinner table."

　　“我不得不說，十年前，我從沒想過我會對大便有這麼多的瞭解，”蓋茨在會上開玩笑說。 “我更沒想到梅琳達需要告訴我不要在餐桌上談論廁所和糞便。”

　　The entrepreneur was helping to launch the three-day event in China - where leader Xi Jinping has made a so-called "toilet revolution" across the country a policy priority.

　　這位企業家與上週二正在中國發起爲期三天的活動，活動中，習近平主席稱要將所謂的“廁所革命”在全國範圍內作爲一項政策重點。

　　The showcased products aim to revolutionise sanitation technology by operating off-grid to separate liquid and solid waste and remove harmful by-products.

　　展會上展示的產品旨在通過離網運行來分離液體和固體廢物並去除有害副產品，從而徹底革新衛生技術。

　　"It’s no longer a question of if we can reinvent the toilet and other sanitation systems," he said. "It’s a question of how quickly this new category of off-grid solutions will scale."

　　“這不再是我們是否可以重新改造廁所和其他衛生系統的問題，”他說。 “這是關於這一新的離網解決方案將如何迅速擴展的問題。”

　　The entrepreneur described the inventions on display as the "most significant advances in sanitation in nearly 200 years".

　　這位企業家將這些發明描述爲“近200年來衛生方面取得的最重大進展”。

　　比爾·蓋茨：世界值得擁有更好的廁所

　　Why the world deserves a better toilet

　　I’m about to travel halfway around the world to look at a toilet.

　　Sanitation is one of the most important issues we work on. I even drank water made from human feces a couple years ago.

　　That’s why I’m so excited to visit Beijing, China this week for the Reinvented Toilet Expo, where some of the most high-tech toilets in the world will be on display.

　　The toilets I’ll see in Beijing aren’t just fascinating gadgets – they have the potential to save millions of lives. More than half of the world’s population uses unsafe sanitation facilities. Even in places where people have access to toilets or pit latrines, their waste isn’t disposed of safely. The pathogens from the waste finds their way into the local water supply and makes people sick.

　　The diseases caused by contaminated water kill more than 500,000 children under five every year. Those who survive are often too sick to go to school. It’s no exaggeration to say that poor sanitation holds back whole communities and entire nations.

　　If you live in alevel 3 or 4 country, you can thank your sewer system for keeping you safe. Sewers have historically been the best way to make sure waste isn’t releasing harmful pathogens into the environment.

　　But what if you didn’t need a sewer to keep people safe? What if your toilet could dispose of waste all on its own?

　　In 2011, we launched the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge. Many of the solutions created for that challenge are now ready to license. A remarkable cohort of engineers, scientists, companies, and universities around the world has done the hard work of getting a safe, off-grid sanitation market ready for take-off. My hope is that this week’s showcase moves their hard work one step closer to being used by real people around the world.

　　Each of these toilets seeks to solve the same problem, but they’ve all taken a different approach to get there. (The video above explains what specifically makes each toilet special.) Several run on solar power, so they can operate off-grid.

　　Others generate their own power, like the Cranfield nanomembrane toilet. Opening or closing its lid moves a screw that separates liquids from solids. A gasifier converts the solids into ash and heat that is used to operate the toilet.

　　A big theme for next-gen toilets is the ability to turn waste into something useful. The Ecosan extracts clean water, which is safe to use for hand-washing. The water created by Duke University’s neighborhood treatment system can be used to flush toilets or supplement fertilizer. The University of South Florida’s New Generator even collects methane gas for cooking or heating.

　　Another common feature involves burning waste to get rid of it (I apologize if you’re eating right now, but there’s no delicate way to describe this). The Janicki Firelight dries out urine and feces, turning them into sterile ash and water.

　　As you might have guessed, these toilets are a lot more complicated than your average toilet. Just look at the maintenance panel used to operate a public restroom:

　　The user experience for each is more or less the same as any other toilet, though. Most of the magic happens behind the scenes.

　　I know most people wouldn’t describe what toilets do as magical, but I think it’s true in this case. Think about it: the toilet hasn’t really changed in more than a century. If you could go back in time to the mid-1800s, you’d find flush toilets that work basically the same as the toilet in your home. And if you live somewhere with pit latrines, toilet design has stayed the same for even longer.

　　The toilets I’ll see in Beijing might one day replace a piece of technology that’s been with us for ages – and they could save millions of lives in the process. That’s not just an amazing feat of engineering. It’s a modern miracle.

　　我跨越了半個地球，爲的是看一眼廁所。環境衛生是我們關注的最重要問題之一，我甚至在幾年前喝過用人糞做的水。

　　因此，我本週很興奮地來到中國北京參加“新世代廁所博覽會”，這裏將展出一些世界上最高科技的廁所。

　　我將在北京看到的這些廁所不僅僅是吸引人的小玩意，它們有潛力挽救數百萬人的生命。全世界一半以上的人口使用着不安全的衛生設施。即使在人們能用上馬桶或坑廁的地方，他們的糞便也不能被安全地處理。糞便裏的病原體進入當地的水源，使人們生病。

　　由被污染的水導致的疾病，每年奪走超過50萬五歲以下兒童的生命。那些活下來的孩子往往因病得太重而無法上學。毫不誇張地說，惡劣的衛生條件阻礙了整個社區和整個國家的發展。

　　如果你生活在3級或4級國家，你可以感謝你的下水道系統保護你的安全。下水道在歷史上一直是確保糞便不向環境釋放有害病原體的最佳途徑。

　　但如果你不需要下水道就能保證人們的安全呢？如果你的廁所可以完全獨立處理糞便呢？

　　這個廁所也許看起來和其他任何廁所沒什麼兩樣，但它完全獨立、可以處理糞便，從中我們可以展望衛生設施的未來。當我在中國時，我會看到這個和其他一些令人驚歎的新發明，它們可以兌現無下水道廁所的承諾。

　　我們的基金會已經投入了大量資金開發下一代的環境衛生解決方案。2011年，我們發起了“廁所創新大賽”（Reinvent the ToiletChallenge）。許多參賽作品如今已準備好可以投入使用了。一羣來自世界各地的傑出工程師、科學家、公司和大學做出了艱苦的努力，一個安全、離網型衛生設施的市場已初步形成。我希望這周的展覽讓他們的努力成果向前更進一步，使得世界各地的人們能真正用上這些廁所。

　　這些廁所都在試圖解決一個同樣的問題，但它們採取了不同的方式（上面的視頻解釋了每種廁所的特別之處）。其中一些使用太陽能，這樣它們就能離網運行。

　　其他的則自己發電，比如克蘭菲爾德納米膜廁所。打開或關閉它的馬桶蓋，這會觸發一個將液體從固體中分離的螺旋裝置。一個氣化爐會將固體物質轉化成灰分和熱能，用來爲廁所運行提供動力。

　　下一代廁所的一大主題是將糞便轉化爲有用東西的能力。艾科森（EcoSan）能提取出乾淨的水，它足夠安全可以用來洗手。杜克大學的社區處理系統所產生的水，可以用來沖廁所或補充肥料。南佛羅里達大學的NEWgenerator甚至可以收集甲烷氣體用於烹飪或取暖。

　　另一個相同的特點是把糞便燃燒殆盡（如果你正在喫東西，那麼我向你道歉，但描述這個實在沒有巧妙的方式）。Janicki Firelight將屎尿脫水，將其變成無菌的灰和水。

　　你可能已經猜到了，這些廁所比一般的廁所要複雜得多。看看這個用來運行一間公共廁所的控制面板：

　　不過這些廁所用起來與其他廁所差不太多。神奇的事都發生在幕後。

　　我知道大部分人不會將廁所做的事形容爲神奇，但我認爲在這種情況下確實神奇。想想看：廁所在過去一個多世紀就沒怎麼變過。如果你能回到19世紀中葉，你會發現抽水馬桶和你家裏的馬桶用起來基本一樣。如果你住的地方使用的是坑式廁所，那麼廁所設計保持不變的時間就更長了。

　　我將在北京看到的這些廁所，或許某一天會取代一項和我們在一起很久的技術，而且將在這個過程中挽救數百萬條生命。這不僅僅是工程學上的一項傑出成就，而且是一個現代的奇蹟。

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