Brazil's next president declares war on 'fake news' media巴西下任總統向“假新聞”媒體宣戰

▌部分素材來源於路透社，世界播團隊翻譯

BRASILIA/SAO PAULO (Reuters) - For Brazil’s right-wing President-elect Jair Bolsonaro, attacking critical press outlets almost daily on social media is not enough. Once in office, he vows to hit their bottom line.

巴西利亞/聖保羅(路透社) -對於巴西右翼當選總統賈伊爾·波索納羅來說，幾乎每天在社交媒體上攻擊關鍵媒體是不夠的。上任後，他發誓要達到他們的底線。

Journalists work in front of the Brazil's new president-elect, Jair Bolsonaro condominium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil October 29, 2018. REUTERS/Sergio Moraes

2018年10月29日，在巴西里約熱內盧，記者在巴西新當選總統賈爾·波索納羅公寓前工作。路透社/塞爾吉奧·莫賴斯

With half a billion dollars in public-sector marketing budgets coming under his discretion, the fiery former Army captain is threatening to slash ad buys with adversarial media groups, striking at the financial foundations of Brazil’s free press.

在5億美元的公共部門營銷預算由他自己決定的情況下，這位暴躁的前陸軍上尉威脅要削減與敵對媒體集團的廣告購買，對巴西自由媒體的財務基礎進行打擊。

After a campaign in which Bolsonaro dismissed investigative reporting as “fake news” invented by a corrupt establishment and his supporters went after individual journalists, the threats are sending a chill through the country’s newsrooms.

在一場運動中，波索納羅將調查報道斥爲腐敗當權派編造的“假新聞”，而他的支持者則對個別記者展開追擊。在這場運動中，這些威脅令該國的新聞編輯室感到一陣寒意。

Asked in a TV interview last week if he would respect press freedom even for his favourite foil, newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, Brazil’s largest circulation daily, Bolsonaro’s answer was curt.

在上週的一次電視採訪中，他被問及是否會尊重新聞自由，即使是他最喜歡的巴西發行量最大的日報《聖保羅頁報》，波索納羅的回答是生硬的。

“That newspaper is done,” Bolsonaro said in a tense TV Globo interview. “As far as I’m concerned with government advertising — press that acts like that, lying shamelessly, won’t have any support from the federal government.”

“報紙辦完了。” 波索納羅在接受環球電視臺採訪時緊張地說。“就我所關心的政府廣告而言，那種無恥撒謊的媒體不會得到聯邦政府的任何支持。”

While public funds are just a fraction of revenue at most major media groups, the prospect of a president out to punish unfriendly coverage has put many reporters on edge.

雖然在大多數主要媒體集團，公共基金只是收入的一小部分，但總統可能會出面懲罰不友好的報道，這讓許多記者感到不安。

Several seasoned journalists working for Brazil’s biggest news organizations told Reuters in recent weeks they have started to throttle back their criticism, fearing backlash from a Bolsonaro government — and violence from his supporters.

幾名在巴西最大新聞機構工作的資深記者近幾周對路透社表示，他們已開始收斂批評，因擔心遭到波索納羅政府的強烈反對，以及其支持者的暴力行爲。

Brazilian press watchdogs said there has been an escalation of threats and aggression against reporters. Investigative journalism group Abraji began tracking the incidents in Brazil’s most polarized election since the return to democratic government in 1985 after two decades of military dictatorship.

巴西新聞監察機構表示，對記者的威脅和攻擊已經升級。調查性新聞集團Abraji開始追蹤巴西自1985年恢復民主政府以來，經歷了20年軍事獨裁統治的最兩極分化的選舉事件。

Most of the attacks on journalists were by Bolsonaro supporters, according to Abraji, which recorded more than 150 cases of campaign reporters coming under threat. Roughly half involved physical violence and the rest were online hate campaigns.

據Abraji報道，大部分對記者的襲擊是波索納羅的支持者發起的，Abraj記錄了150多起競選記者受到威脅的案件。大約一半涉及身體暴力，其餘的是網絡仇恨運動。

“Treating the press as an antagonist is not a new tactic, but the aggressive tone and frequency of Bolsonaro’s attacks are very worrying,” said the group’s coordinator, Marina Atoji.

“把媒體當作敵手並不是一種新策略，但波索納羅攻擊性語氣和頻率非常令人擔憂，”該組織的協調人瑪麗娜·阿託吉說。

Bolsonaro’s supporters said the Brazilian media has a leftist bias and they have turned to social media for news about him.

波索納羅的支持者說，巴西媒體有左翼偏見，他們已經轉向社交媒體尋找有關他的新聞。

“The worst thing was they tried to crucify Bolsonaro for his controversial statements on women, gays and blacks,” said Emilio Kerber, an Air Force major who ran for Congress in Bolsonaro’s small coalition. “But Bolsonaro has millions of followers on social media and he won anyway.”

“最糟糕的是，他們試圖將波索納羅關於女性、同性戀和黑人的有爭議言論釘在十字架上。” 空軍少校埃米利奧·克爾伯說。“但波索納羅在社交媒體上有數百萬粉絲，他還是贏了。”

Press aides for Bolsonaro did not respond to a request for comment. The president-elect has disavowed any supporters who resort to violence. He said he respects freedom of the press and only asks that it be exercised responsibly.

波索納羅的新聞助理沒有回覆記者的置評請求。這位當選總統否認任何訴諸暴力的支持者。他說，他尊重新聞自由，只要求新聞自由負責任地行使。

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In Folha’s newsroom, the sense of siege is palpable.

在Folha的新聞編輯室裏，困擾感是顯而易見的。

Executive Editor Sérgio Dávila said in an interview the paper has taken security measures to protect its reporters after a social media barrage by Bolsonaro supporters over reporting on his campaign’s use of messaging platform WhatsApp.

執行編輯Sergio Davila接受採訪時表示，該報已採取安全措施保護記者，此前波索納羅支持者在社交媒體上抨擊該報使用即時通訊平臺WhatsApp。

“This is the most tense recent election, because the massive use of social media has meant journalists are more exposed to the supporters of the candidates,” he said.

他說:“這是最近最緊張的選舉，因爲大量使用社交媒體意味着記者更容易接觸到候選人的支持者。”

“Bolsonaro voters are particularly active on social media,” Dávila said, adding that he had never seen such vitriol directed at individual journalists over specific stories.

“波索納羅選民在社交媒體上特別活躍，” Dávila說，他還補充說，他從未見過針對具體報道的個別記者如此尖刻。

After his victory on Sunday, Bolsonaro said media groups that spread lies will miss out on federal government advertising, which totalled 1.8 billion reais (373.2 million pounds) in 2017, including ads by state enterprises.

週日他獲勝後，波索納羅說散佈謊言的媒體集團將錯過聯邦政府廣告，2017年聯邦政府廣告總額爲18億雷亞爾( 3.732億英鎊)，包括國有企業的廣告。

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TV Globo, which has long dominated Brazilian media and shaped public debate with its vast audience, receives less than 4 percent of its annual revenue from government funding, the group said in a statement. Folha said public-sector advertising was less than 5 percent of revenue.

該組織在一份聲明中稱，長期主導巴西媒體並影響公衆辯論的環球電視臺，其年收入中只有不到4 %來自政府資助。Folha說，公共部門廣告收入不到收入的5 %。

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Still, many smaller media groups have embraced Bolsonaro with friendly interviews and less aggressive coverage.

儘管如此，許多較小的媒體集團還是接受了波索納羅的友好採訪，並對其進行了不那麼激進的報道。

That has stoked tensions at some outlets.

這加劇了一些媒體的緊張氣氛。

At Radio Guaiba in the city of Porto Alegre, veteran broadcaster Juremir Machado walked out of the studio on the air for what he called censorship at the end of an interview with Bolsonaro. He said he was not allowed to ask any questions and quit the programme.

在阿雷格里港市Guaiba電臺，資深播音員朱雷米爾·馬查多在接受波索納羅的採訪結束時，走出演播室，接受他所謂的審查。他說，他被禁止問任何問題並退出該項目。

After billionaire media mogul and preacher Edir Macedo threw his support behind Bolsonaro, his Record TV network increased coverage of the right-winger’s rallies. It stepped up criticism of leftist challenger Fernando Haddad and played up stories of corruption in his Workers Party, said one former employee, who requested anonymity for fear of retaliation.

在億萬富翁媒體大亨兼牧師埃迪爾•馬塞多支持波索納羅之後，他的創紀錄電視網絡增加了對這位右翼分子集會的報道。一名前僱員表示，該黨加大了對左翼挑戰者費爾南多•哈達德的批評，並誇大了他所在的工人黨的腐敗報道。

Grupo Record did not respond to a request for comment.

Grupo Record沒有回應置評請求。

Its network raised eyebrows three days before the first-round vote by broadcasting an exclusive interview with Bolsonaro at the very same time of a presidential debate on rival channel TV Globo that the candidate declined to attend for medical reasons. That night, the Record TV newscast had its best audience of the year to date.

在第一輪投票前三天，該電視臺播出了對波索納羅的獨家專訪，引起了人們的驚訝。與此同時，該電視臺的競爭對手環球電視臺也在進行總統辯論。那天晚上，創紀錄的電視新聞節目迎來了今年迄今爲止最好的觀衆。

Other outlets are finding there is an audience for more aggressive coverage. Dávila, the Folha editor, said in recent weeks the paper has seen a spike in subscriptions.

其他媒體也發現，他們的受衆更傾向於積極報道。《Folha》主編Davila最近幾周表示，該報的訂閱數量出現了激增。

“It wasn’t something we asked for. It wasn’t a campaign organized by the newspaper,” Dávila said.

“這不是我們想要的。這不是報紙組織的活動。” Davila說。

“They basically said: ‘Folha does critical journalism. Bolsonaro is attacking Folha. I’m going to subscribe to Folha out of solidarity.’”

“他們基本上說:‘Folha做的是批判性新聞。波索納羅正在攻擊Folha。出於團結一致，我會訂閱Folha。”

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