摘要：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESolid ferromagnetic materials are rigid in shape and cannot be reconfigured. Ferrofluids, although reconfigurable, are paramagnetic at room temperature and lose their magnetization when the \u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-1\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fi\u003Elied magnetic field is removed. Here, we show a reversible paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transformation of ferrofluid droplets by the jamming of a monolayer of magnetic nanoparticles assembled at the water-oil interface. These ferromagnetic liquid droplets exhibit a finite coercivity and remanent magnetization. They can be easily reconfigured into different shapes while preserving the magnetic properties of solid ferromagnets with classic north-south dipole interactions. Their translational and rotational motions can be actuated remotely and precisely by an external magnetic field, inspiring studies on active matter, energy-dissipative assemblies, and programmable liquid constructs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E生物學\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBiology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAmyloid β oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer’s disease via signaling to pericytes\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eβ澱粉樣蛋白寡聚物通過向周細胞發送信號使阿爾茨海默氏症的人體毛細血管收縮\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERoss Nortley, Nils Korte, Pablo Izquierdo, et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E鏈接：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002Feaav9518\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E在阿爾茨海默氏症（AD）剛發作時，腦血流量就會減少。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenome sequencing of environmental bacteria allows identification of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding unusual combinations of enzymes that produce unknown natural products. We identified a pathway in which a ribosomally synthesized small peptide serves as a scaffold for nonribosomal peptide extension and chemical modification. Amino acids are transferred to the carboxyl terminus of the peptide through adenosine triphosphate and amino acyl-tRNA–dependent chemistry that is independent of the ribosome. Oxidative rearrangement, carboxymethylation, and proteolysis of a terminal cysteine yields an amino acid–derived small molecule. Microcrystal electron diffraction demonstrates that the resulting product is isosteric to glutamate. We show that a similar peptide extension is used during the biosynthesis of the ammosamides, which are cytotoxic pyrroloquinoline alkaloids. These results suggest an alternative paradigm for biosynthesis of amino acid–derived natural products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E動物學\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EZoology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E哺乳動物性別偏向基因表達的保持、獲得和功能性影響\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESahin Naqvi, Alexander K. Godfrey, Jennifer F. Hughes ,et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 鏈接：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002Feaaw7317\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E人類健康和疾病存在性別差異，那些被用作模型的其他哺乳動物也是如此。

"\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Ch3\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E翻譯 | 宗華\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E, 19 JULY 2019, VOL 365, ISSUE 6450\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E《科學》\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E2019年7月19日，第6450期365卷\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fp9.pstatp.com\u002Flarge\u002Fpgc-image\u002FRWrA0q1I8ki0F0\" img_width=\"240\" img_height=\"300\" alt=\"《科學》（20190719出版）一週論文導讀\" inline=\"0\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E物理學\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPhysics\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQuantum scale anomaly and spatial coherence in a 2D Fermi superfluid\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E二維費米超流體的量子尺度異常與空間相干性\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：Puneet A. Murthy, Nicolò Defenu, Luca Bayha , et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E鏈接：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002F268\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E量子異常是由於某些經典理論量化過程中出現分歧而違反了經典尺度對稱性。雖然它們在多體系統的量子場理論描述中發揮着重要作用，但對實驗觀測結果的影響難以識別。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E在這項研究中，我們發現了一種獨特的量子異常表現形式。其出現在超冷原子的二維（2D）費米超流體的動量空間動力學中。超流體在呼吸模式週期中的對動量分佈在強相互作用機制下表現出尺度破壞。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們發現，該系統中以長程相位相關爲特徵的冪律尾指數被量子異常修正，從而強調了這種效應對2D超流體臨界性質的影響。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EQuantum anomalies are violations of classical scaling symmetries caused by divergences that \u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-1\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fi\u003Eear in the quantization of certain classical theories. Although they play a prominent role in the quantum field theoretical description of many-body systems, their influence on experimental observables is difficult to discern. In this study, we discovered a distinctive manifestation of a quantum anomaly in the momentum-space dynamics of a two-dimensional (2D) Fermi superfluid of ultracold atoms. The measured pair momentum distributions of the superfluid during a breathing mode cycle exhibit a scaling violation in the strongly interacting regime. We found that the power-law exponents that characterize long-range phase correlations in the system are modified by the quantum anomaly, emphasizing the influence of this effect on the critical properties of 2D superfluids.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReconfigurable ferromagnetic liquid droplets\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E可重構鐵磁液滴\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EXubo Liu, NoahKent, Alejandro Ceballos, et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E鏈接：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002F264\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E固體鐵磁性材料的形狀是剛性的，無法重構。鐵磁流體雖然可重構，但在室溫下是順磁性的。同時，當外加磁場被移除時，鐵磁流體的磁化強度會失去。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E這裏，我們展示了鐵磁流體液滴由順磁性向鐵磁性的可逆轉變。這是通過干擾組裝在水—油界面的單層磁性納米粒子實現的。這些鐵磁性液滴表現出有限的矯頑力和剩餘磁化強度。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E它們可以很容易地重構成不同形狀，同時保留具有經典南北偶極相互作用的固態鐵磁體的磁性能。它們的平移和旋轉運動可通過外部磁場進行遠程和精確的驅動，從而爲關於活性物質、耗能組件和可編程液體結構的研究提供了靈感。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESolid ferromagnetic materials are rigid in shape and cannot be reconfigured. Ferrofluids, although reconfigurable, are paramagnetic at room temperature and lose their magnetization when the \u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-1\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fi\u003Elied magnetic field is removed. Here, we show a reversible paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transformation of ferrofluid droplets by the jamming of a monolayer of magnetic nanoparticles assembled at the water-oil interface. These ferromagnetic liquid droplets exhibit a finite coercivity and remanent magnetization. They can be easily reconfigured into different shapes while preserving the magnetic properties of solid ferromagnets with classic north-south dipole interactions. Their translational and rotational motions can be actuated remotely and precisely by an external magnetic field, inspiring studies on active matter, energy-dissipative assemblies, and programmable liquid constructs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E生物學\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBiology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAmyloid β oligomers constrict human capillaries in Alzheimer’s disease via signaling to pericytes\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Eβ澱粉樣蛋白寡聚物通過向周細胞發送信號使阿爾茨海默氏症的人體毛細血管收縮\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERoss Nortley, Nils Korte, Pablo Izquierdo, et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E鏈接：\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002Feaav9518\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E在阿爾茨海默氏症（AD）剛發作時，腦血流量就會減少。由於腦內大部分血管阻力存在於毛細血管中，因此這可能反映了毛細血管壁令周細胞收縮的功能障礙。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們利用活體和快速固定的人類組織建立了疾病相關性，並通過齧齒類動物實驗確定了發病機制。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們發現，在認知能力下降的人類中，澱粉樣β（Aβ）使周細胞位置處的大腦毛細血管收縮。這是由Aβ生成活性氧引起的。活性氧誘發內皮素-1 （ET）的釋放，而ET會激活外膜細胞ETA受體。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E在AD小鼠模型中，毛細血管而非小動脈也發生了收縮。因此，抑制毛細血管收縮引起的Aβ可能減少AD的能量缺乏和神經退行性病變。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECerebral blood flow is reduced early in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because most of the vascular resistance within the brain is in capillaries, this could reflect dysfunction of contractile pericytes on capillary walls. We used live and rapidly fixed biopsied human tissue to establish disease relevance, and rodent experiments to define mechanism. We found that in humans with cognitive decline, amyloid β (Aβ) constricts brain capillaries at pericyte locations. This was caused by Aβ generating reactive oxygen species, which evoked the release of endothelin-1 (ET) that activated pericyte ETA receptors. Capillary, but not arteriole, constriction also occurred in vivo in a mouse model of AD. Thus, inhibiting the capillary constriction caused by Aβ could potentially reduce energy lack and neurodegeneration in AD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUse of a scaffold peptide in the biosynthesis of amino acid–derived natural products\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E骨架肽在天然氨基酸衍物生物合成中的應用\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChi P. Ting, Michael A. Funk, Steve L. Halaby, et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 鏈接：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002F280\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E環境細菌的基因組測序使識別生物合成基因簇成爲可能。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E環境細菌的基因組測序使識別生物合成基因簇成爲可能。這種基因簇可編碼產生未知天然產物的酶的不尋常組合。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們確定了一種途徑，其中一個核糖體合成小肽作爲非核糖體肽延伸和化學修飾的支架。氨基酸通過三磷酸腺苷和獨立於核糖體的依賴於氨基酰基tRNA的化學反應轉移到肽的羧基端。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E端半胱氨酸的氧化重排、羧甲基化和蛋白水解生成氨基酸衍生的小分子。微晶電子衍射結果表明，這些產物與穀氨酸是電子等排的。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們發現，在具由細胞毒性的吡咯喹啉類生物鹼ammosamide的生物合成過程中也使用了類似的肽延伸。這些結果爲氨基酸衍生物的生物合成提供了一種新模式。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGenome sequencing of environmental bacteria allows identification of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding unusual combinations of enzymes that produce unknown natural products. We identified a pathway in which a ribosomally synthesized small peptide serves as a scaffold for nonribosomal peptide extension and chemical modification. Amino acids are transferred to the carboxyl terminus of the peptide through adenosine triphosphate and amino acyl-tRNA–dependent chemistry that is independent of the ribosome. Oxidative rearrangement, carboxymethylation, and proteolysis of a terminal cysteine yields an amino acid–derived small molecule. Microcrystal electron diffraction demonstrates that the resulting product is isosteric to glutamate. We show that a similar peptide extension is used during the biosynthesis of the ammosamides, which are cytotoxic pyrroloquinoline alkaloids. These results suggest an alternative paradigm for biosynthesis of amino acid–derived natural products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E動物學\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EZoology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E哺乳動物性別偏向基因表達的保持、獲得和功能性影響\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESahin Naqvi, Alexander K. Godfrey, Jennifer F. Hughes ,et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 鏈接：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002Feaaw7317\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E人類健康和疾病存在性別差異，那些被用作模型的其他哺乳動物也是如此。不過，性別差異在物種和組織間的分子水平上的保守程度目前尚不清楚。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們調查了人類、獼猴、小鼠、大鼠和狗在12種組織中的基因表達上的性別差異。在每個組織中，我們發現了數百個具有保守的性別偏向表達的基因。這些發現\u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-3\"\u003E結合\u003C\u002Fi\u003E人類身高的基因組分析，解釋了女性和男性身高方面12%的差異。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們推測，在基因表達上保守的性別偏向導致了特徵上的性別差異。然而，大多數性別偏向的表達出現在哺乳動物的輻射過程中，這表明在建立人類性別差異的模型時需要仔細注意物種間的差異。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESex differences abound in human health and disease, as they do in other mammals used as models. The extent to which sex differences are conserved at the molecular level across species and tissues is unknown. We surveyed sex differences in gene expression in human, macaque, mouse, rat, and dog, across 12 tissues. In each tissue, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved sex-biased expression—findings that, combined with genomic analyses of human height, explain ~12% of the difference in height between females and males. We surmise that conserved sex biases in expression of genes otherwise operating equivalently in females and males contribute to sex differences in traits. However, most sex-biased expression arose during the mammalian radiation, which suggests that careful attention to interspecies divergence is needed when modeling human sex differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew Jurassic mammaliaform sheds light on early evolution of mammal-like hyoid bones\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E新的侏羅紀哺乳動物形態揭示了類哺乳動物舌骨的早期進化\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 作者：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChang-Fu Zhou, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, April I. Neander, et al\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 鏈接：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F365\u002F6450\u002F276\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E 摘要：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E我們報告了在中國發現的一種新的和舌骨一起保存下來的侏羅紀柱齒哺乳動物形態。它的基舌骨、角舌骨、上舌骨和舌骨大角均擁有活動關節，並呈鞍狀排列，正如現存哺乳動物舌骨器官的活動連接一樣。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E它們和非哺乳動物形式的犬齒龍類簡單的舌骨棒完全不同。後者可能與一個寬的、非肌化的喉嚨存在關聯，正如在現存爬行動物中看到的那樣。舌骨器官爲喉和狹窄的肌化食道提供了一個框架，對於現存哺乳動物咀嚼過的食物和液體的運輸和強有力吞嚥至關重要。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E在哺乳動物冠羣的中耳與下頜骨分離之前，舌骨的這些衍生結構組成便在早期分化的哺乳動物中進化出來。\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E Abstract\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe report a new Jurassic docodontan mammaliaform found in China that is preserved with the hyoid bones. Its basihyal, ceratohyal, epihyal, and thyrohyal bones have mobile joints and are arranged in a saddle-shaped configuration, as in the mobile linkage of the hyoid \u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-1\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fi\u003Earatus of extant mammals. These are fundamentally different from the simple hyoid rods of nonmammaliaform cynodonts, which were likely associated with a wide, nonmuscularized throat, as seen in extant reptiles. The hyoid \u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-1\"\u003Eapp\u003C\u002Fi\u003Earatus provides a framework for the larynx and for the constricted, muscularized esophagus, crucial for transport and powered swallowing of the masticated food and liquid in extant mammals. These derived structural components of hyoids evolved among early diverging mammaliaforms, before the disconnection of the middle ear from the mandible in crown mammals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fp1.pstatp.com\u002Flarge\u002Fpgc-image\u002FR6G7uWdeivE17\" img_width=\"600\" img_height=\"20\" alt=\"《科學》（20190719出版）一週論文導讀\" inline=\"0\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E合作事宜：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Emarket@stimes\u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-5\"\u003E.cn\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E投稿事宜：\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003Etougao@stimes\u003Ci class=\"chrome-extension-mutihighlight chrome-extension-mutihighlight-style-5\"\u003E.cn\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"'.slice(6, -6), groupId: '6716075343553249805